Alkanes, properties, chemical reactions

Alkanes, properties, and chemical reactions.

Alkanes – hydrocarbons of linear or branched structure containing only simple chemical bond and forming a homologous series with the General formula CnH2n+2.

Alkanes, saturated hydrocarbons, paraffins

Homologous series of alkanes. Isomers of alkanes

Physical properties of alkanes

Chemical properties of alkanes

 

Alkanes, saturated hydrocarbons, paraffins:

Alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons, paraffins) – acyclic hydrocarbons linear or branched structure containing only simple chemical bond and forming a homologous series with the General formula CnH2n+2.

All alkanes belong to a larger class of aliphatic hydrocarbons, i.e. hydrocarbon compounds containing no aromatic bonds (benzene ring and other similar enclosed structure).

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons meaning that they contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms for a given number of carbon atoms.

The carbon atoms in the Balkans are connected by single bonds.

Each carbon atom in the molecules of alkanes is in a state of sp3-hybridization. This means that all the 4 hybrid orbitals of an atom With identical shape and energy that all 4 bonds directed to the vertices (corners) of an equilateral triangular pyramid – tetrahedron at angles of 109°28′.

Carbon-carbon bonds (C-C) represent σ-bond, characterized by low polarity and polarizability. The bond length C-C is 0,154 nm, the bond length C-H – 0,1087 nm.

The most simple alkane is methanewith the formula CH4.

The longest alkane is noncontracted having the formula C390H782. It was first synthesized in 1985

Homologous series of alkanes. Isomers of alkanes:

Alkanes form a homologous series, i.e. a series of chemical compounds of the same structural type, differing from each other in composition by a number of recurring structural units of the so – called homological difference, which alkane is methylene link is -CH2-.

Homologous series of alkanes (first 20 members):
Methane CH4 CH4
Ethan CH3-CH3 C2H6
Propane CH3-CH2-CH3 C3H8
Bhutan CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 C4H10
Pentane CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 C5H12
Hexane CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 C6H14
Heptane CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 C7H16
Oktan CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 C8H18
Nonan CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 C9H20
Dean CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 C10H22
Formica CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 C11H24
Dodecane CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 C12H26
Tridecan CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 C13H28
Tetradecane CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 C14H30
Pentadecane CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 C15H32
Hexadecan CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 C16H34
Heptadecan CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 C17H36
Octadecan CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 C18H38
Managecan CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 C19H40
Aykosan CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 C20H42

All alkanes ranging from butane (C4H10), are isomers, i.e. chemical compounds identical in atomic composition and molecular weight but differing in structure or arrangement of atoms in space and, consequently, having different properties.

All alkanes ranging from heptane (C7H16) are optical (mirror) isomers, i.e. chemical compounds, which is a mirror reflection of each other, do not combine in space.

The number of isomers of alkanes with increasing number of carbon atoms increases significantly. However, no simple direct relationship between the number of carbon atoms in the molecule alkanes and the number of isomers is missing.

The table below shows the number of isomers of alkanes:

The number of atoms in the molecule alkanes: The number of isomers of alkanes: The number of isomers of alkanes, taking into account stereoisomerism:
1 1 1
2 1 1
3 1 1
4 2 2
5 3 3
6 5 5
7 9 11
8 18 24
9 35 55
10 75 136
11 159 345
12 355 900
13 802 2412
14 1858 6563
15 4347 18 127
20 366 319 3 396 844
25 36 797 588 749 329 719
30 4 111 846 763 896 182 187 256

Physical properties of alkanes:

In General, for alkanes is characterized by the following physical properties and characteristics:

– with increasing number of carbon atoms in the molecule (and thus with increasing molecular weight and length of main carbon chain) increases the melting point and boiling point of alkanes;

– under standard conditions established by the IUPAC (0 °C and a pressure of 105 PA) unbranched alkanes from CH4 according to C4H10 are gases, C5H12 at C13H28 – liquids, C14H30 and further solid materials;

from a less branched to a more branched alkanes lowers the melting point and boiling point. Thus, the melting point of n-pentane is -129,72 °C isopentane – -159,89 °C, neopentane – -16,55 °C; the boiling point of n-pentane is 36,07 °C isopentane – of 27.85 °C, neopentane – 9.5 °C;

– flammable and explosive,

– toxic;

– all alkanes are poorly soluble in water,

liquid alkanes are common organic solvents.

Chemical properties of alkanes:

Alkanes have low chemical activity. This is because single bonds C-H and C-C are relatively durable and difficult to destroy.

For alkanes, characterized by the following chemical reaction:

1. catalytic dehydrogenation (cleavage of hydrogen):

Passing an alkane over a catalyst (Pt, Ni, Al2O3, Cr2O3) at high temperatures (400-600 °C), the cleavage of a molecule of hydrogen and the formation of alkene. An exception is the dehydrogenation of methane – it occurs without the catalyst, when usedonLSA temperature.

2CH4 → C2H2 + 3H2 (subject to > 1500 ° C);

CH3-CH3 → CH2=CH2 + H2 (kat = Pt, Ni, Al2O3, Cr2O3, to = 400-600 °C);

CH3-CH2-CH3 → CH2=CH-CH3 + H2 (kat = Pt, Ni, Al2O3, Cr2O3, to = 575 °C).

etc.

2. galogenirovannami:

The reaction of halogenation proceeds by a free radical mechanism, in which the hydrogen atom in alkane replaced by an atom of halogen (bromine, chlorine, iodine, etc.) or any group.

Demonstrate by example the molecules of ethane.

CH3-CH3 + Br2 → CH3-CH2Br + HBr (hv or increased to).

The reaction is self-perpetuating. A molecule of bromine or iodine under the action of light decomposes to the radicals, then they attack molecules alkanes – ethane, taking from them an atom of hydrogen, this produces a free radical of the ethyl group CH3-CH2·, which collide with molecules of bromine (iodine), destroying them and forming new radicals of iodine or bromine:

Br2 → Br·+ Br· (hv); – initiation reactions of halogenation;

CH3-CH3 + Br· → CH3-CH2· + HBr; – the chain growth reactions of halogenation;

CH3-CH2· + Br2 → CH3-CH2Br + Br·;

CH3-CH2· + Br· → CH3-CH2Br; – open circuit reactions of halogenation.

Galogenirovannami is one of the substitution reactions. First halogenides least gidrirovanny carbon atom (atom is tertiary, then secondary, primary atoms halogenide least). Galogenirovannami alkanes – ethane takes place in stages – one stage is replaced by one hydrogen atom.

CH3-CH3 + Br2 → CH3-CH2Br + HBr (hv or increased to);

CH3-CH2Br + Br2 → CH3-CHBr2 + HBr (hv or increased to);

etc.

Galogenirovannami will happen next, while in alkane will not be replaced by atoms of hydrogen.

3. nitration:

This reaction is known as reaction Konovalov.

Alkanes react with a 10% solution of nitric acid or nitric oxide NO2 in the gas phase at a temperature of 140 °C and slight pressure with the formation of nitro.

CH3-CH3 + HONO2 (dilute) → CH3-C(NO2)H2 + H2O (increased to).

The reaction also proceeds by a free radical mechanism.

4. the oxidation (burning):

With excess oxygen:

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O;

2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O;

C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O, etc.

СпН2п+2 + ((3n+1)/2)O2 → nCO2 + (n+1)H2O.

If there is insufficient oxygen instead of carbon dioxide (CO2) is a carbon monoxide (co), with a small number of finely dispersed oxygen is released and carbon (in various forms, including in the form of graphene, fullerenes , etc.) or a mixture thereof.

5. sulfochlorinated:

When irradiated with ultraviolet radiation alkanes react with a mixture of SO2 and Cl2. The reaction produced among other things sulphonylchloride.

CH4 + SO2 + Cl2 → CH3-SO2Cl + … (hv);

C2H6 + SO2 + Cl2 → C2H5-SO2Cl + … (hv);

C3H8 + SO2 + Cl2 → C3H7-SO2Cl + … (hv).

etc.

The reaction proceeds by a free radical mechanism.

6. sulfookislenie:

The simultaneous action of alkanes with sulphur oxide (IV) and oxygen, and ultraviolet irradiation proceeds the reaction of sulfonation with the formation of alkylsulfonyl.

2CH4 + 2SO2 + O2 → 2CH3-ЅО2ОН (increased to);

2C2H6 + 2SO2 + O2 → 2C2H5-ЅО2ОН (increased to);

2C3H8 + 2SO2 + O2 → 2C3H7-ЅО2ОН (increased to);

etc.

The reaction proceeds by a free radical mechanism.

7. cracking.

When heated above 500 °C alkanes undergo pyrolytic decomposition with the formation of complex compounds – alkanes and alkenes, the composition and the ratio of which depends on temperature, pressure and reaction time.

Pyrolysis is the splitting of carbon-carbon bonds (C-C) with the formation of alkyl radicals. Next occur simultaneously three processes (recombination, disproportionation, and rupture of connection,-N), due to which the reaction gives a variety of products. The reaction proceeds by a free radical mechanism.

Distinguish between thermal cracking (pyrolysis) and catalytic cracking. The latter occurs at a lower temperature – 400-450 °C in the presence of a catalyst.

CnH2n+2 → Cn–kH2(n–k)+2 + CkH2k (kat, to = 400-500 °C).

8. pyrolysis.

When heated, methane is its decomposition into components simple substances.

CH4 → C + 2H2 (subject to > 1000 oC).

9. isomerization.

When heated unbranched alkane with the catalyst for isomerization (chloride aluminumAlCl3) the formation of alkanes with branched carbon skeleton.

For example, n-butane (C4H10, CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3), interacting with the chloride of aluminium (AlCl3), is converted into isobutane (2-methylpropane) (CH(CH3)3).

10. aromatization.

Alkanes with six or more carbon atoms in a linear chain in the presence of a catalyst cyclists with the formation of benzene and its derivatives.

For example, dehydrocyclization hexane to benzene:

C6H14 → C6H6 + 4H2 (kat, to).

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